Leaving this up just in case the solution I found helps others. In investigating the issue I found that the ..\Boot\BCD directory was missing from the EFI partition on the deployed disk.
I tried rebuilding the WIE on the hypothesis something was wrong with the imaging environment. This did not help.
I then set the Image deployment to use a custom schema, leaving the EFI and Sytem partitions Original, the OS and RE partitions on Dynamic. This seems to solve the problem, images now deploy properly.
In case it matters the image is based on Windows 11 Enterprise 25H2.
Thanks!